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2019. N 12
Sciences Knowledge, Sociology of Science
Joint scientific publications of leading countries of the world
The article contains the analysis of publications written in co-authorship by scientists from different countries on the basis of data “Scopus”. In article examines the SIR rating of the countries’ output of publications indexed in Scopus in 1996-2018. Russian organizations included in this rating have increased the number of publications by three times, but the number of joint publications in 2018 is the same as in 1996 — 23.6 %. At the same time, the total number of Russian articles written together with scientists from different countries has almost tripled. In other countries, the share of publications in co-authorship with foreign partners grew faster than the total number of publications and amounted to about 50% in the EU, 36.3 % — in the US, 23.6 % — in China. In article analyses the rating of SIR 2007-2011, index of cooperation of scientific organizations. The first place in it is occupied by organizations on the basis of which research is carried out, requiring large investments: nuclear, astrophysics, medical. European countries stand out for the high value of the collaboration index, especially France and Germany.
Labor and Organization Sociology
Models of labor behavior of the working youth of the Urals
In the article, based on the analysis of the position of laboring youth on the labor market and labor relations, three models of their labor behavior are constructed: “patient silence”, “adaptive accommodation”, and “active action”. At their core, these models rely on the social well-being of working youth and fit into broader models of economic behavior, representing their implementation in the labor market and in labor relations. Labor behavior is one of the types of economic behavior that depends on a number of factors: the nature of labor relations in an organization (1), satisfaction with conditions and wages (2), involvement in professional associations (3), willingness to protect one’s rights (4), dominant form of work motivation (5). The essential differentiating feature in each of the three models of labor behavior of laboring youth we have identified is the presence/absence of a formal regulation of labor relations. The labor behavior of laboring youth is analyzed on the basis of data from an empirical study conducted in 2018 in the Urals Federal District.
Practices of informal employment of workers in the labor market in the Russian context
The growth of informal employment recorded by Rosstat in recent years is a matter of concern for both policy-makers and labor market researchers. The article analyzes, based on official statistical data, a number of cases in which the informants worked in the informal sector, and / or combined formal and informal employment, at micro level of text analysis of interviews. The research material is from the project “Trajectories of life courses for Petersburgers in post-Soviet Russia: intergenerational analysis 2014-2017” Informal practices are seen as compromises of formal rules and social norms, the diversity of which is due to the inefficiency labor legislation, the weakness and selectivity of the fiscal control of their enforcement.. Low quality of the institutional environment while the formal sector is reduced or at risk of reduction encourages both employers and employees to informal practices and to cope with their difficulties outside the government regulations.
Features of labor behavior of youth of St. Petersburg (according to the questionnaire)
The article presents an analysis of the labor behavior of working youth based on the data of a sociological study of the forms, content and factors affecting the characteristics of professional characteristics. The content of labor behavior is described from the point of view of young employees performing their job duties, as well as the possibility of improving the quality of work performed. The study allowed us to draw conclusions about the relationship between labor behavior and forms of employment of working youth, to identify key reasons for employment and factors affecting dissatisfaction with the working process of working youth in St. Petersburg. Understanding the level, nature, factors and mechanisms of labor behavior of modern youth is relevant and timely. As a result of the study, a descriptive analysis of the labor behavior of working youth was carried out. The “point of decrease in the level of labor activity” is revealed, as one of the forms of manifestation of labor behavior, a conclusion is drawn on the correlation of forms and levels of youth labor activity.
The potential of the sociocultural model in studies of the labor behavior of hired workers in modern Russia
Employment behavior may be investigated using different theories and models. The structural and functional approach may be adequately used as models for study of employment behavior in conditions of stable societies. In transforming societies to which Russia belongs, those models that take into account the contradictory clash of traditions and innovations, pro-Western and pro-Soviet value orientations in the sphere of labor are relevant. A sociocultural model in which culture is viewed as a way to implement subjective ideas, thoughts, abilities, and intentions of workers, while the social one reflects objective conditions, frameworks, boundaries, structure as a whole, can be considered as one of the most promising in studies of employment behavior of workers in the transforming Russian society. Sociological studies conducted using the socio-cultural model suggest the lack of such important characteristics of employment behavior as confidence in employment, work independence, terminal oriented attitudes towards labor.
Personality and Family
Gender picture of the world: to the definition of a concept and its structure
The article examines the concept of gender worldview. Its structure and basic characteristics are studied within the framework of three models — traditionally patriarchal, ambivalent and modern. Based on a number of empirical studies conducted from 1996 to 2014, it was observed that gender worldview is holistic, its characteristics interconnected and streamlined. Statistical relationships between structural elements are stable. The concept of “gender dominant of consciousness” is proposed as one of the main characteristics of the gender worldview. The article demonstrates that it’s an integral attitude to the position of men and women in the family and society. The empirical material demonstrated that the gender dominant of consciousness specifically manifests itself at each of the three levels of the system — at the level of gender ideals, general gender dispositions and situational attitudes, but at the same time retains the main content for each model — traditional or modern.
Intergenerational Family Relationship Trends
Transformations of the modern Russian family, the specificity of which consists in the preservation of traditionalism and continuity, and at the same time — the openness to new things, occur against the background of social changes associated with generational shifts. A generation enters life with different values and attitudes. While maintaining the high significance of the family and intergenerational relationships, behavioral patterns change. In recent years, both absolutely “new” phenomena and forms of maintaining family communication have emerged, as well as relatively “new” ones that did not have wide distribution earlier. The materials of an empirical study of Petersburg students’ ideas about the family and their interactions with parents prove the simultaneous existence of “old” and “new” phenomena and tendencies of intergenerational relations. The conclusion is made about the preservation of intergenerational continuity. However, the ambiguity of the assessments of young people suggests a more pragmatic approach. External circumstances and specific situations are beginning to play a big role.
Scenarios of family life in women's autobiographical narratives: evolution of value orientations
The article presents the results of a qualitative study of the autobiographical narratives of women of two generations that characterize the evolution of value orientations in the sphere of family and marriage. Based on the characteristics that women of these generations describe in their narratives their experience of family and gender relations, the author identifies four typical scenarios of their family life and analyzes the specific characteristics of these scenarios. The following issues are discussed in the article: the sustainability of traditional norms and values in family and gender relations, the contradictory combination of traditional norms and values with the egalitarian attitudes of Soviet modernization, as well as the most significant changes that occur in family and gender relations in the post-Soviet period. Based on the analysis of the identified scenarios of women’s family life, the author draws conclusions both about the continuity of traditional norms and values, and about the changes that took place in the post-Soviet period. The most significant changes are the strengthening of pragmatism and individualism in the scenarios of the family life of young women. The author interprets these changes as one of the defining trends of demographic modernization, as an intensifying trend to individualize the private life of modern man. The results of the study provide an opportunity to expand the understanding of the evolution of value orientations in the sphere of family and marriage, showing both the universality of changes in this sphere, their integration into the global process of demographic and sociocultural modernization, and the features of this process in the Russian context.
“Apparent Likelihood": what is wrong with the legalization of same-sex marriage?
The article studies the tendency of a growing and large-scale phenomenon — the legalization of same-sex marriages in many modern countries. At one time it seemed that the struggle of gay men against the criminal prosecution of homosexuals gave its results — homosexuality is decriminalized, one-sex partnership is not prosecuted by law. But the LGBT movement did not stop there. The goal is to legitimize at the state level same-sex marriages and the right to adopt children in them. The phenomenon is unprecedented, breaking the continuity of the entire civilizational process. Children without a full pair of parents. Uncontrolled explosion of the reproductive technologies market. Conceptual chaos in the dictionary of family relations. And the most important claim of the LGBT movement is the “equalization” of the constitutional and legal status of homosexual and traditional marriages. The heterosexual majority starts vigorously to oppose the explicit search of demands from gay activists. Today the main strategy of LGBT activists is to rely not so much on public opinion and referendums, as on appealing to the political establishment of their countries.
On the problems of homosexual relations: sociological aspect
The article is devoted to the problem of homosexual relations. This problem isn’t easy for sociological analysis because in modern Western and Russian society it has overly ideological character. Increased activity of various kinds of nationalist and “patriotic” formations, and also killing of LGBT activists evidence about this fact. We tried to focus on the sociological analysis of this problem. The paper thereby is more associated with demography and demographic policy than with medicine or psychology. Special attention is paid to the issue of adoption of children by same-sex couples.
Scientific Life
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