2016. N 7

The review of domestic sociological researches of the childhood on materials of the magazine “Sociological Researches” during 1990— 2014 is presented in the article. The review allows to designate the leading subjects of childhood’s studying, empirical problems of the organization, carrying out and interpretation of the obtained data, to characterize researches from the point of view of their localization, duration, age groups of children-informants, the methods of collecting and data processing. Difficulties of children’s studying are connected both with the empirical level of research, and with its theoretical and methodological bases, with development of sociology of the childhood as branch science. The Russian sociology of the childhood has problems of status uncertainty, dissociation of scientific community, an insufficient inclu- siveness of young researchers. All these problems slow down development of the methodological bases of sociological researches of the childhood. In conclusion of article it is submitted recommendations about strengthening of childhood sociology’s status positions.

The article covers the main methodological challenges of studying child abuse scale, connected to principal definitions, data collection obstacles, research procedure and interpreting the results. In order to get a valid estimation of child abuse scale, it is needed to have a complex of official statistics on children’s situation in Russia, public and professional surveys, and psychological research of children with their social environment. All studies must follow ethical norms, keep participation voluntary, and prevent secondary traumatization. Organizing and fulfilling the research require special training of both researchers and data collectors.

Article describes results of the study aimed at evaluation of impact of HIV prevention programs implemented in vocational schools from the point of view of adolescents who took part in these programs. The research was conducted in St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad in April 2015. It was based on RE-AIM model. To collect the data focus groups with adolescents aged from 16 to 18 years old were conducted. The research has shown that even though the reach of adolescents by prevention programs is relatively high and prevention activities are conducted in vocational schools on a regular basis, adolescents regard these interventions as dull and ineffective. The article describes factors which from the point of view of adolescents reduce the effectiveness of HIV prevention, suggests what could be done to increase the effectiveness of preventive work, provides recommendations for stakeholders involved into HIV prevention among adolescents at high risk of getting HIV.

In the article the possibilities of using different data sources and methodologies for assessing the health status of orphans and children deprived of parental care. The complexity of the evaluation and associated with a variety of objects and subjects of evaluation. It is advisable to use a set of data: statistical reporting, data sampling surveys and departmental accounting, qualitative research, expert interviews. Methodological approaches Children’s Fund UNICEF, the world health organization allow you to create a system of indicators for the analysis of health status. Important role in the analysis of health status of children left without parental care in Russia is played by with 2013 the clinical examination of various categories of children. Analysis of indicators of child morbidity, disability and mortality suggests the health problems of children-orphans, living in institutions.

The article describes the methodological solution for biographical research of the lifeworld. This solution is based on a methodological position that the communicative situation of autobiographical narrative provides a lifeworld representation in the process of its rationalization and articulation. Reconstruction of values and attitudes is realized on representation of life events in autobiographical narratives. Methodological solution requires a comprehensive approach to the collection of sociological data (autobiography and projective autobiographical essay). Biographical research maintains descriptive and structural analysis of the value and attitude structure of the lifeworld.

It is considered the current trends in the Russian households structure and their negative consequences in terms of the reproduction. The increse of the single-patent families and other households is explained by gender inequalities and strengthening the internal migration. The article is based on materials of the official Russian statistics, first of all, the All-Russian population census of 2002 and 2010.

This article analyzes the new sociology of the nonprofit sector approach - consideration of public initiatives and non-profit organizations as a source of non-monetary social capital (Bourdieu, Koul-man) and as a resource for individual intragenerational social mobility. It argued the relevance and analytical capabilities of this approach, including in correlation with the current Russian context. It presents reflections on possible methodological approach to the empirical study of these issues through the analysis of professional biographies of the representatives of the NGO sector.

Reveals contradictions between the labor legislation and practices. A detailed explanation of the legal implications of «illegal practices» is given. The role of employers, allowing some variation in the employment relationship underlined. Particular attention is paid to the problem of failure to leave. The conclusion about the presence of employees sufficiently broad legal rights, but inability to use them is made.

The social and economic processes in modern science determine the future of countries and regions. Reduced productivity of the scientific community, the slow development of innovation, the degradation of the scientific staff of reproduction system in universities and scientific schools dramatically reduce the competitiveness and security of any state. Threats to the well-being of science engender the spread of pseudo-science, the general decline in the scientific culture of the population. This problem is not only in front of the Russian scientific community. «Marginal» and «pseudo-science», in particular embodiments, «postmodern philosophy», has won some of the public space. The spread of this influence, some authors, such as E. P. Kruglyakov, A. juice Jean Bricmont [36], quite successfully counteract. This article examines the genesis and rasproctranenie pseudoscience as a social phenomenon, with examples from the history of the domestic institutions «psychology» and «psychotherapy».